19.060 (Mechanical testing) 标准查询与下载

ASTM D5882-07(2013) 深地基低应变碰撞完整性测试的标准试验方法

4.1 Low strain impact integrity testing provides acceleration or velocity and force (optional) data on slender structural elements (that is, structural columns, driven concrete piles, cast in place concrete piles, concrete filled steel pipe piles, timber piles, etc.). The method works best on solid concrete sections, and has limited application to unfilled steel pipe piles, H piles, or steel sheet piles. These data assist evaluation of pile integrity and pile physical dimensions (that is, cross-sectional area, length), continuity, and consistency of the pile material, although evaluation is approximate and not exact. This test method will not give information regarding the pile bearing capacity. 4.1.1 Methods of Testing: 4.1.1.1 Pulse Echo Method (PEM)—The pile head motion is measured as a function of time. The time domain record is then evaluated for pile integrity. 4.1.1.2 Transient Response Method (TRM)—The pile head motion and force (measured with an instrumented hammer) are measured as a function of time. The data are evaluated usually in the frequency domain. 1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the integrity of individual vertical or inclined piles by measuring and analyzing the velocity (required) and force (optional) response of the pile induced by an (hand held hammer or other similar type) impact device usually applied axially and perpendicularly to the pile head surface. This test method is applicable to long structural elements that function in a manner similar to any deep foundation units (such as driven piles, augeured piles, or drilled shafts), regardless of their method of installation provided that they are receptive to low strain impact testing. 1.2 This standard provides minimum requirements for low strain impact testing of piles. Plans, specifications, and/or provisions prepared by a qualified engineer, and approved by the agency requiring the test(s), may provide additional requirements and procedures as needed to satisfy the objectives of a particular test program. 1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. 1.6 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope. 1.7 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Note 1—

Standard Test Method for Low Strain Impact Integrity Testing of Deep Foundations

ASTM E1253-07 辐照摆锤型试样的复原用标准指南

Practice E 185 defines the minimum requirements for light-water reactor surveillance program Charpy V-notch specimens and Practice E 2215 describes the evaluation of test specimens from surveillance capsules. It may be desirable to extend the original surveillance program beyond available specimens for plant aging management issues, such as plant license renewal, to better define existing data, or to determine fracture toughness of a material when no standard fracture toughness test specimens are available. The ability to reconstitute the broken halves of existing specimens can provide such data. Charpy-sized specimens are typically machined from virgin material, that is, material not previously mechanically tested. There are occasions that exist when either (1) no full size specimen blanks are available or (2) the material available with the desired history (such as having been subjected to irradiation) is not sufficient for the machining of full-size specimens, or both. An approach to this problem, which is addressed in this guide, is to fabricate new specimens using the broken halves of previously irradiated and tested specimens or other material irradiated for this purpose. In this guide, the central segment of each new specimen utilizes a broken half of a previously tested specimen and end tabs that are welded to the central segment, or the central section may simply be a piece of virgin material shorter than a Charpy-sized specimen. While specifically addressing reconstitution of irradiated pressure vessel steel, this guide can also provide guidance for reconstitution of Charpy-sized specimens for other situations involving material availability.1.1 This guide covers procedures for the reconstitution of ferritic pressure boundary steels used in nuclear power plant applications, Type A Charpy (Test Methods E 23) specimens and specimens suitable for testing in three point bending in accordance with Test Methods E 1921 or E 1820. Materials from irradiation programs (principally broken specimens) are reconstituted by welding end tabs of similar material onto remachined specimen sections that were unaffected by the initial test. Guidelines are given for the selection of suitable specimen halves and end tab materials, for dimensional control, and for avoidance of overheating the notch area. A comprehensive overview of the reconstitution methodologies can be found in Ref (1).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Guide for Reconstitution of Irradiated Charpy-Sized Specimens

ASTM E4-07 试验机的负荷检验的标准实施规程

Testing machines that apply and indicate force are used in many industries, in many ways. They may be used in a research laboratory to measure material properties, and in a production line to qualify a product for shipment. No matter what the end use of the machine may be, it is necessary for users to know the amount of force that is applied and indicated, and that the accuracy of the force is traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly NBS. Practices E 4 provides a procedure to verify these machines, in order that the indicated forces may be traceable. A key element to this NIST traceability is that the devices used in the verification have known force characteristics, and have been calibrated in accordance with Practice E 74. The procedures in Practices E 4 may be used by those using, manufacturing, and providing calibration service for testing machines and related instrumentation.1.1 These practices cover procedures for the force verification, by means of standard calibration devices, of tension or compression, or both, static or quasi-static testing machines (which may, or may not, have force-indicating systems). These practices are not intended to be complete purchase specifications for testing machines. Testing machines may be verified by one of the three following methods or combination thereof:1.1.1 Use of standard weights,1.1.2 Use of equal-arm balances and standard weights, or1.1.3 Use of elastic calibration devices. Note 1These practices do not cover the verification of all types of testing machines designed to measure forces, for example, the constant-rate-of-loading type which operates on the inclined-plane principle. This type of machine may be verified as directed in the applicable appendix of Specification D 76.1.2 The procedures of apply to the verification of the force-indicating systems associated with the testing machine, such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the force-indicating system(s) to be verified and included in the report.1.3 Since conversion factors are not required in this practice, either inch-pound units, SI units, or metric values can be used as the standard.1.4 Forces indicated on displays/printouts of testing machine data systems-be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or retransmitted-which are verified with provisions of 1.1.1, 1.1.2, or 1.1.3, and are within the 1 % accuracy requirement, comply with Practices E 4.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines

ASTM D6128-06 用Jenike剪切室行散装固体剪切试验的标准试验方法

Reliable, controlled flow of bulk solids from bins and hoppers is essential in almost every industrial facility. Unfortunately, flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing are common. Additional problems include uncontrolled flow (flooding) of powders, segregation of particle mixtures, useable capacity which is significantly less than design capacity, caking and spoilage of bulk solids in stagnant zones, and structural failures. By measuring the flow properties of bulk solids, and designing bins and hoppers based on these flow properties, most flow problems can be prevented or eliminated. For bulk solids with a significant percentage of particles (typically, one third or more) finer than about 6 mm ( ¼ in.), the cohesive strength is governed by the fines (-6-mm fraction). For such bulk solids, cohesive strength and wall friction tests may be performed on the fine fraction only. Note 18212;The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors. Practice D 3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this test method. However, users of this test method should recognize that the framework of Practice D 3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this test method. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this test method.1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for measuring the cohesive strength of bulk solids during both continuous flow and after storage at rest. In addition, measurements of internal friction, bulk density, and wall friction on various wall surfaces are included.1.2 This standard is not applicable to testing bulk solids that do not reach the steady state requirement within the travel limit of the shear cell. It is impossible to classify ahead of time which bulk solids cannot be tested, but one example may be those consisting of highly elastic particles.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.4 The most common use of this information is in the design of storage bins and hoppers to prevent flow stoppages due to arching and ratholing, including the slope and smoothness of hopper walls to provide mass flow. Parameters for structural design of such equipment also may be derived from this data.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Bulk Solids Using the Jenike Shear Cell

ASTM E83-06 伸长仪系统检验和分类标准实施规程

1.1 This practice covers procedures for the verification and classification of extensometer systems, but it is not intended to be a complete purchase specification. The practice is applicable only to instruments that indicate or record values that are proportional to changes in length corresponding to either tensile or compressive strain. Extensometer systems are classified on the basis of the magnitude of their errors.1.2 Because strain is a dimensionless quantity, this document can be used for extensometers based on either SI or US customary units of displacement. Note 18212;Bonded resistance strain gages directly bonded to a specimen cannot be calibrated or verified with the apparatus described in this practice for the verification of extensometers having definite gage points. (See procedures as described in Test Methods E 251.)This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems

ASTM E384-06 材料显微压入硬度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers determination of the microindentation hardness of materials, the verification of microindentation hardness testing machines, and the calibration of standardized test blocks.1.2 This test method covers microindentation tests made with Knoop and Vickers indenters under test forces in the range from 9.8 10-3 to 9.8 N ( 1 to 1000 gf ).1.3 This test method includes an analysis of the possible sources of errors that can occur during microindentation testing and how these factors affect the accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility of test results.Note 1While Committee E04 is primarily concerned with metals, the test procedures described are applicable to other materials.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials

ASTM D6243-06 用直接剪切方法测定土工合成粘土衬里内层和界面剪切强度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the internal shear resistance of a Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL) or the interface shear resistance between the GCL and an adjacent material under a constant rate of displacement or constant stress.1.2 This test method is intended to indicate the performance of the selected specimen by attempting to model certain field conditions.1.3 This test method is applicable to all GCLs. Remolded or undisturbed soil samples can be used in the test device.1.4 This test method is not suited for the development of exact stress-strain relationships within the test specimen due to the nonuniform distribution of shearing forces and displacement.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Determining the Internal and Interface Shear Resistance of Geosynthetic Clay Liner by the Direct Shear Method

ASTM E228-06 用推杆膨胀计测定固体材料线性热膨胀系数的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear thermal expansion of rigid solid materials using push-rod dilatometers. This method is applicable over any practical temperature range where a device can be constructed to satisfy the performance requirements set forth in this standard.Note 1Initially, this method was developed for vitreous silica dilatometers operating over a temperature range of -180 to 900176;C. The concepts and principles have been amply documented in the literature to be equally applicable for operating at higher temperatures. The precision and bias of these systems is believed to be of the same order as that for silica systems up to 900176;C. However, their precision and bias have not yet been established over the relevant total range of temperature due to the lack of well-characterized reference materials and the need for interlaboratory comparisons.1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material that, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by instrumentation, has a negligible creep or elastic strain rate, or both, thus insignificantly affecting the precision of thermal-length change measurements. This includes, as examples, metals, ceramics, refractories, glasses, rocks and minerals, graphites, plastics, cements, cured mortars, woods, and a variety of composites.1.3 The precision of this comparative test method is higher than that of other push-rod dilatometry techniques (for example, Test Method D 696) and thermomechanical analysis (for example, Test Method E 831) but is significantly lower than that of absolute methods such as interferometry (for example, Test Method E 289). It is generally applicable to materials having absolute linear expansion coefficients exceeding 0.5 m/(mC) for a 1000176;C range, and under special circumstances can be used for lower expansion materials when special precautions are used to ensure that the produced expansion of the specimen falls within the capabilities of the measuring system. In such cases, a sufficiently long specimen was found to meet the specification.1.4 Computer- or electronic-based instrumentation, techniques, and data analysis systems may be used in conjunction with this test method, as long as it is established that such a system strictly adheres to the principles and computational schemes set forth in this method. Users of the test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent and may omit or deviate from the methodology described hereunder. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.1.5 SI units are the standard.1.6 There is no ISO method equivalent to this standard.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer

ASTM D6745-06 电极碳线性热膨胀率的标准测试方法

Coefficients of linear thermal expansion are used for design and quality control purposes and to determine dimensional changes of parts and components (such as carbon anodes, cathodes, and so forth) when subjected to varying temperatures.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE) for carbon anodes and cathodes used in the aluminum industry, in baked form, by use of a vitreous silica dilatometer.1.2 The applicable temperature range for this test method for research purposes is ambient to 1000176;C. The recommended maximum use temperature for product evaluation is 500176;C.1.3 This test method and procedure is based on Test Method E 228, which is a generic all-encompassing method. Specifics dictated by the nature of electrode carbons and the purposes for which they are used are addressed by this procedure.1.4 Electrode carbons in the baked form will only exhibit primarily reversible dimensional changes when heated.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Electrode Carbons

ASTM E831-06 用热机械分析法测定固体材料线性热膨胀的标准试验方法

Coefficients of linear thermal expansion are used, for example, for design purposes and to determine if failure by thermal stress may occur when a solid body composed of two different materials is subjected to temperature variations. This test method is comparable to Test Method D 3386 for testing electrical insulation materials, but it covers a more general group of solid materials and it defines test conditions more specifically. This test method uses a smaller specimen and substantially different apparatus than Test Methods E 228 and D 696.1.1 This test method determines the apparent coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid materials using thermomechanical analysis techniques. Related information can be found in Refs. (, ).1.2 This test method is applicable to solid materials that exhibit sufficient rigidity over the test temperature range such that the sensing probe does not produce indentation of the specimen.1.3 The recommended lower limit of coefficient of linear thermal expansion measured with this test method is 5 m/(mC). The test method may be used at lower (or negative) expansion levels with decreased accuracy and precision (see Section ).1.4 This test method is applicable to the temperature range from 120 to 900 C. The temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation and calibration materials used.1.5 Computer or electronic based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used. Note 1Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use. 1.6 SI values are the standard.1.7 This test method is related to ISO 11359-2 but is significantly different in technical detail.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis

ASTM E831-05 用热机械分析法测定固体材料线性热膨胀的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method determines the apparent coefficient of linear thermal expansion of solid materials using thermomechanical analysis techniques. Related information can be found in Refs. (1-12)178;.1.2 This test method is applicable to solid materials that exhibit sufficient rigidity over the test temperature range such that the sensing probe does not produce indentation of the specimen.1.3 The recommended lower limit of coefficient of linear thermal expansion measured with this test method is 5 m/(mC). The test method may be used at lower (or negative) expansion levels with decreased accuracy and precision (see Section 11).1.4 This test method is applicable to the temperature range from 120 to 900 C. The temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation and calibration materials used.1.5 Computer or electronic based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used. Note 18212;Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use. 1.6 SI values are the standard.1.7 This test method is related to ISO 11359-2 but is significantly different in technical detail.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis

ASTM E1012-05 在拉伸和压缩轴向力作用下验证试验框架和样品准直精度的标准实施规程

It has been shown that bending stresses that inadvertently occur due to misalignment between the applied force and the specimen axes during the application of tensile and compressive forces can affect the test results. In recognition of this effect, some test methods include a statement limiting the misalignment that is permitted. The purpose of this practice is to provide a reference for test methods and practices that require the application of tensile or compressive forces under conditions where alignment is important. The objective is to implement the use of common terminology and methods for verification of alignment of test machines, associated fixtures and test specimens. Unless otherwise specified, axiality requirements and verifications should be optional when testing is performed for acceptance of materials for minimum strength and ductility requirements. This is because any effects especially from excessive bending, would be expected to reduce strength and ductility properties and give conservative results. There may be no benefit from improved axiality when testing high ductility materials to determine conformance with minimum properties. Whether or not to improve axiality should be a matter of negotiation between the material producer and the user.1.1 Included in this practice are methods covering the determination of the amount of bending that occurs during the application of tensile and compressive forces to notched and unnotched test specimens in the elastic range and to plastic strains less than 0.002. These methods are particularly applicable to the force application rates normally used for tension testing, creep testing, and uniaxial fatigue testing.

Standard Practice for Verification of Test Frame and Specimen Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial Force Application

ASTM G133-05 线性往复式球-平面滑动磨损的标准试验方法

This test method is designed to simulate the geometry and motions that are experienced in many types of rubbing components whose normal operation results in periodic reversals in the direction of relative sliding. The wear resulting from this mode of movement may differ from that experienced by the same materials sliding continuously in only one direction (unidirectional sliding) even for comparable durations of contact. Test loads and speeds are to be determined by the severity of the proposed application or purpose of the testing. Either of two sets of testing conditions (designated Procedures A and B) may be used.1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the sliding wear of ceramics, metals, and other candidate wear-resistant materials using a linear, reciprocating ball-on-flat plane geometry. The direction of the relative motion between sliding surfaces reverses in a periodic fashion such that the sliding occurs back and forth and in a straight line. The principal quantities of interest are the wear volumes of the contacting ball and flat specimen materials; however, the coefficient of kinetic friction may also be measured using the method described. This test method encompasses both unlubricated and lubricated testing procedures. The scope of this test method does not include testing in corrosive or chemically aggressive environments.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Wear

ASTM D4633-05 用动力贯入器测量能量的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method describes procedures for measuring the energy that enters the penetrometer drill rod string during dynamic penetrometer testing of soil due to the hammer impact.1.2 This test has particular application to the comparative evaluation of N-values obtained from the Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) of soils in an open hole as in Test Method D 1586 and Practice D 6066. This procedure may also be applicable to other dynamic penetrometer tests.1.3 LimitationsThis test method applies to penetrometers driven from above the ground surface. It is not intended for use with down-hole hammers.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.1.5 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to how the data can be applied in design or other uses, since that is beyond its scope. Practice D 6066 specifies how these data may be normalized.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Energy Measurement for Dynamic Penetrometers

ASTM E384-05a 材料显微硬度的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers determination of the microindentation hardness of materials, the verification of microindentation hardness testing machines, and the calibration of standardized test blocks.1.2 This test method covers microindentation tests made with Knoop and Vickers indenters under test forces in the range from 9.8 10-3 to 9.8 N ( 1 to 1000 gf ).1.3 This test method includes an analysis of the possible sources of errors that can occur during microindentation testing and how these factors affect the accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility of test results.Note 1While Committee E04 is primarily concerned with metals, the test procedures described are applicable to other materials.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials

ASTM G133-05e1 平面上线性反弹球滑动磨损的标准试验方法

This test method is designed to simulate the geometry and motions that are experienced in many types of rubbing components whose normal operation results in periodic reversals in the direction of relative sliding. The wear resulting from this mode of movement may differ from that experienced by the same materials sliding continuously in only one direction (unidirectional sliding) even for comparable durations of contact. Test loads and speeds are to be determined by the severity of the proposed application or purpose of the testing. Either of two sets of testing conditions (designated Procedures A and B) may be used.1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the sliding wear of ceramics, metals, and other candidate wear-resistant materials using a linear, reciprocating ball-on-flat plane geometry. The direction of the relative motion between sliding surfaces reverses in a periodic fashion such that the sliding occurs back and forth and in a straight line. The principal quantities of interest are the wear volumes of the contacting ball and flat specimen materials; however, the coefficient of kinetic friction may also be measured using the method described. This test method encompasses both unlubricated and lubricated testing procedures. The scope of this test method does not include testing in corrosive or chemically aggressive environments. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Linearly Reciprocating Ball-on-Flat Sliding Wear

ASTM E132-04 室温下泊松比率的标准试验方法

When uniaxial force is applied to a solid, it deforms in the direction of the applied force, but also expands or contracts laterally depending on whether the force is tensile or compressive. If the solid is homogeneous and isotropic, and the material remains elastic under the action of the applied force, the lateral strain bears a constant relationship to the axial strain. This constant, called Poissonrsquo;ratio, is an intrinsic material property just like Youngrsquo;modulus and Shear modulus. Poissonrsquo;ratio is used for design of structures where all dimensional changes resulting from application of force need to be taken into account, and in the application of the generalized theory of elasticity to structural analysis. In this test method, the value of Poissonrsquo;ratio is obtained from strains resulting from uniaxial stress only.1.1 This test method covers the determination of Poisson''s ratio from tension tests of structural materials at room temperature. This test method is limited to specimens of rectangular section and to materials in which and stresses at which creep is negligible compared to the strain produced immediately upon loading. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Poisson''s Ratio at Room Temperature

ASTM E111-04 杨氏弹性模量、正切模量和弦切模量的标准试验方法

The value of Youngrsquo;modulus is a material property useful in design for calculating compliance of structural materials that follow Hookersquo;law when subjected to uniaxial loading (that is, the strain is proportional to the applied force). For materials that follow nonlinear elastic stress-strain behavior, the value of tangent or chord modulus is useful in estimating the change in strain for a specified range in stress. Since for many materials, Youngrsquo;modulus in tension is different from Youngrsquo;modulus in compression, it shall be derived from test data obtained in the stress mode of interest. The accuracy and precision of apparatus, test specimens, and procedural steps should be such as to conform to the material being tested and to a reference standard, if available. Precise determination of Youngrsquo;modulus requires due regard for the numerous variables that may affect such determinations. These include (1) characteristics of the specimen such as orientation of grains relative to the direction of the stress, grain size, residual stress, previous strain history, dimensions, and eccentricity; (2) testing conditions, such as alignment of the specimen, speed of testing, temperature, temperature variations, condition of test equipment, ratio of error in applied force to the range in force values, and ratio of error in extension measurement to the range in extension values used in the determination; and (3) interpretation of data (see Section 9). When the modulus determination is made at strains in excess of 0.25 %, correction should be made for changes in cross-sectional area and gage length, by substituting the instantaneous cross section and instantaneous gage length for the original values. Compression results may be affected by barreling (see Test Methods E 9). Strain measurements should therefore be made in the specimen region where such effects are minimal. FIG. 2 Load-Deviation Graph1.1 This test method covers the determination of Young's modulus, tangent modulus, and chord modulus of structural materials. This test method is limited to materials in which and to temperatures and stresses at which creep is negligible compared to the strain produced immediately upon loading and to elastic behavior.1.2 Because of experimental problems associated with the establishment of the origin of the stress-strain curve described in 8.1, the determination of the initial tangent modulus (that is, the slope of the stress-strain curve at the origin) and the secant modulus are outside the scope of this test method.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Young's Modulus, Tangent Modulus, and Chord Modulus

ASTM E2368-04 应变控制热力疲劳试验的标准规程

1.1 This practice covers the determination of thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) properties of materials under uniaxially loaded strain-controlled conditions. A "thermomechanical" fatigue cycle is here defined as a condition where uniform temperature and strain fields over the specimen gage section are simultaneously varied and independently controlled. This practice is intended to address TMF testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. While this practice is specific to strain-controlled testing, many sections will provide useful information for force-controlled or stress-controlled TMF testing.1.2 This practice allows for any maximum and minimum values of temperature and mechanical strain, and temperature-mechanical strain phasing, with the restriction being that such parameters remain cyclically constant throughout the duration of the test. No restrictions are placed on environmental factors such as pressure, humidity, environmental medium, and others, provided that they are controlled throughout the test, do not cause loss of or change in specimen dimensions in time, and are detailed in the data report.1.3 The use of this practice is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.

Standard Practice for Strain Controlled Thermomechanical Fatigue Testing

ASTM E831-03 用热机械分析法测试固体物料线性热膨胀的标准试验方法

1.1 This test method covers determination of linear thermal expansion of solid materials using thermomechanical analysis techniques. Related information can be found in Refs. (1-12).1.2 This test method is applicable to solid materials that exhibit sufficient rigidity over the test temperature range such that the sensing probe does not produce indentation of the specimen.1.3 The recommended lower limit of coefficient of linear thermal expansion measured with this test method is 5 956;m/(m183;176;C). The test method may be used at lower (or negative) expansion levels with decreased accuracy and precision (see Section 11).1.4 This test method is applicable to the temperature range from -120 to 600176;C. The temperature range may be extended depending upon the instrumentation and calibration materials used.1.5 Computer or electronic based instruments, techniques, or data treatment equivalent to this test method may also be used. Note 18212;Users of this test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use. 1.6 SI values are the standard.1.7 This test method is related to ISO 11359-2 but is significantly different in technical detail.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis